Detailed Course Description

Evolution

• Unity and Diversity of Life on Earth
• Properties of Life
• Early Perspectives in Science
• An Introduction to Biology
• The Nature of Science: The Story of Darwin
• Early Scientific Thought
• The Emerging Science of Geology
• An Introduction to Evolution
• Linnaeus, Buffon, and Lamarck
• Darwin: The Voyage Continues
• Darwin: More Observations
• Evolution: The Theory of Natural Selection
• Darwin: The Theory of Natural Selection
• The Theory of Natural Selection
• Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin
• Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin, Part 2
• Fossils and Evolution
• Fossil Formation, Dating, and Indexing
• The Fossil Record
• Some Fossil Surprises
• The Coevolution of Horses and Plants
• Mass Extinctions: An Asteroid Can Ruin Your Day
• Human Evolution
• Human Evolution: What Is a Primate?
• Human Evolution: The Family Tree
• Human Evolution: The Fossil Record
• Evidence for Evolution
• Evidence for Evolution: Biochemical Similarities
• Evidence for Evolution: Vestigial Structures
• Homologous Structures
• Species Concepts
• Species Concepts
• Speciation
• Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation
• Postzygotic Reproductive Isolation
• Examples of Artificial and Natural Selection
• Artificial Selection in Action
• Natural Selection in Action
• The Origin of Life
• History of Life: The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Overview
• The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Introduction
• The Origin of Life: Life from Nonlife
• The Heterotroph Hypothesis: Protobionts
• The Heterotroph Hypothesis: The First Genetic Material
• The Origin of Life: The Rest of the Story
• Classifying Life
• The Linnaean System
• The Linnaean System: Still Changing

• An Introduction to Atoms
• Atomic Structure: SPONCH and the Atom
• Electrons, Orbitals, and Electron Shells
• Ions, Ionization, and Isotopes
• Isotopes: Unraveling Photosynthesis
• Atoms and Bonding
• Bonding and Electronegativity
• Ionic and Covalent Bonds
• Polar Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, and Van der Waals Interactions
• Properties of Water
• Water: Hydrogen Bonding, Solubility, and Specific Heat
• Water: Adhesion, Cohesion, and a Solid That Floats
• Water: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances
• Dissociation of Water and the pH Scale
• Hemoglobin as a Buffer
• Carbon Chemistry
• Carbon Chemistry and Isomers
• Functional Side Groups
• Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
• Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis: Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides: Energy Storage Molecules
• Polysaccharides: Structural Molecules
• Lipids and Nucleic Acids
• Lipids: An Introduction
• Saturated vUnsaturated Fats
• Phospholipids, Waxes, and Steroids
• Nucleic Acids: An Introduction to Genetic Material
• Proteins
• Proteins: Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond
• Amino Acids: The R Groups
• Primary and Secondary Structure
• Tertiary Structure
• Quaternary Structure
• Protein Structure: A Summary
• Enzymes
• Bioenergetics: The Laws of Thermodynamics
• Activation Energy
• Enzyme Characteristics
• Enzyme Action
• Enzyme Action: The Induced-Fit Model
• Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Regulation
• Feedback Inhibition and Cooperativity

• An Introduction to Cell Biology
• The History of Cytology
• Prokaryotes vEukaryotes
• Plant and Animal Cell Overview: The Basics
• Membranes: Basic Structure
• The Nuclear Envelope: The Initial Tour
• Nuclear Function: Who's in Charge?
• Membrane-Bound Organelles
• Cellular Function: Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Cell Function: Golgi Apparatus
• Food Vacuole Formation: The Role of the Lysosome
• Still More Vacuoles and Peroxisomes
• Mitochondria: Welcome Guests
• The Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• The Cytoskeleton
• The Cytoskeleton: Basic Components
• Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia
• Cell Walls
• The Plasma Membrane
• Plasma Membrane: The Extracellular Matrix
• The Plasma Membrane: The Fluid-Mosaic Model
• Proteins as the Mosaic of the Cell Membrane
• Animal Cell Junctions
• Cell Transport
• Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
• Passive Transport: Osmosis
• Active Transport: Ion Pumps and Cotransport
• Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Energy-Requiring Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Tools for Cell Biology
• Tools of the Cytologist: Light and Fluorescent Microscopy
• Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes
• Freeze Fracture and Differential Centrifugation
• The Evolution of Metabolic Functions
• Major Modes of Nutrition Among Organisms

• An Introduction to Respiration
• ATP Structure and Function
• Phosphorylated Intermediates
• Respiration: An Overview
• Redox: A Brief Review
• Energy Release from Sugar: A Demo
• Coenzymes: The Role of NAD+
• Glycolysis and Fermentation
• Glycolysis: The Initial Steps: Energy Input
• Glycolysis: The Energy Payoff
• Anaerobic Respiration: The Fermentation of Pyruvate
• Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobic Respiration: The Acetyl CoA Step
• Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle
• Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
• The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
• The Electron Transport Chain
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• ATP Yield from Aerobic Respiration
• Other Fuels in Respiration
• The Evolution of Glycolysis

• Discovering Photosynthesis
• The Unraveling of Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective
• Photosynthesis: Twentieth-Century Breakthroughs
• Photosynthesis: The Final Picture
• Adaptations for Photosynthesis
• The Leaf: Adaptations for Photosynthesis
• The Structure of a Chloroplast
• Photosynthetic Pigments
• The Nature of Light
• Photoexcitation and Electron Transfer
• The Light Reactions
• The Light Reactions: An Introduction
• Photosystem
• Photosystem 2
• The Light Reactions: A Summary
• The Dark Reactions
• The Calvin Cycle
• The Calvin Cycle: RuBP Regeneration
• A Review of Photosynthesis
• Photorespiration
• Photorespiration
• C4 Plants and CAM Plants
• The Evolution of Photosynthesis

• Discovering DNA
• Molecular Genetics: The Protein vDNA Debate
• Continuing to Link Genes to Chemicals: Muller, Beadle, and Tatum
• Griffith and Transformation
• Avery, MacLeod and McCarty/Hershey and Chase: DNA Wins!
• Chargaff and Franklin and Wilkins: The DNA Story Begins
• DNA Structure Revealed
• Watson and Crick: The Clues
• Watson and Crick: The Double Helix
• Introduction to DNA Replication
• Replication: Meselson and Stahl
• DNA: Polymerization with Triphosphate Nucleotides
• Events of DNA Replication
• Events at the Replication Fork: The Leading Strand
• Events at the Leading Strand, Part 2
• Events at the Replication Fork: The Lagging Strand
• Proofreading, End Replication, and Telomeres
• DNA Replication: A Summary
• Transcription
• Transcription and Translation: An Overview
• Transcription: RNA Formation from the DNA Template
• Transcription: Termination and RNA Protection
• Posttranscriptional Modification/RNA Splicing
• Translation
• Translation: Ribosomal and Transfer RNA
• The Role of Transfer RNA: Charging a tRNA Molecule
• Translation: Initiation Events
• Translation/Elongation: The Initiation of Elongation
• Elongation Continued and Termination
• Protein Synthesis Review
• Polypeptide Destinations: Signal Peptides and ER Ribosomes
• Protein Synthesis: An Overview
• The lac Operon
• Control Mechanisms: Lactose Metabolism in coli
• Jacob and Monod's Model: The lac Operon
• lac Operon: The Summary
• Eukaryotic Genomic Organization
• The Eukaryotic Genome: DNA Packing
• Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Repetitive DNA
• Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Gene Families
• Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Transposons and Amplified Genes
• Controlling Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic Gene Control: Transcriptional Controls
• Eukaryotic Control Mechanisms: Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Controls
• Prokaryotes vEukaryotes: Protein-Making Machinery

• Plasmids and Gene Cloning
• Biotechnology: Plasmids in Prokaryotes
• Using a Restriction Enzyme to Create a Vector
• Biotechnology: Gene Cloning
• Biotechnology: Detection of Cell Clones
• Techniques in Biotechnology
• Biotechnology: Reverse Transcriptase: A Tool Taken from Viruses
• Using Reverse Transcriptase to Make cDNA
• Electrophoresis: Separating DNA
• Sequencing DNA: The Sanger Method
• More Techniques in Biotechnology
• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms: Genetic Markers
• Polymerase Chain Reaction: DNA Amplification
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Southern Blotting
• Detecting DNA Homology: A Biotechnology Summary
• Human Genome Project
• The Human Gene Pool
• The Human Genome Project: Recent Findings

• An Introduction to the Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
• Mitosis: An Overview
• Mitosis: The Phases
• Cytokinesis
• Regulating Mitosis
• Cell-Cycle Regulation: Protein Kinases
• Cell-Cycle Regulation: Other Mechanisms
• Cancer: When Mitosis Goes Unchecked
• The ras Gene and the p53 Gene
• Meiosis
• Sexual Reproduction and the Role of Meiosis
• Homologous Chromosomes: Thanks, Mom and Dad!
• Meiosis: Prophase I
• Disjunction and Meiosis II
• Mitosis vMeiosis
• Understanding Meiosis
• Independent Assortment
• Spermatogenesis: Meiosis in Males
• Oogenesis: Meiosis in Females

• Gregor Mendel
• Heredity: The Story of Gregor Mendel
• Mendel's Findings: A First Look at Phenotypic Ratios
• Mendel's Conclusions: Alternate Alleles and Dominance
• Mendel's Conclusions: Segregation and Recombination
• The Laws of Mendelian Inheritance
• Determining Heterozygosity: Test Crosses and Back Crosses
• Mendelian Inheritance
• Segregation and Independent Assortment
• Segregation and Independent Assortment
• Independent Assortment: An Explanation
• Laws of Probability
• Laws of Probability: Rule of Multiplication
• The Multiplicative Law: Some Extensions
• Laws of Probability: The Additive Rule
• Using the Laws of Probability in Dihybrid Crosses
• Genetic Dominance
• What Is a Dominant Gene? Intermediate Inheritance
• Codominance and Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood Genes
• ABO Blood Groups: Inheritance Patterns and Pedigree Charts
• Epistasis
• Epistasis: One Gene Affecting Another
• The Bombay Phenotype: Infidelity or Epistasis?
• Inheritance Patterns
• Polygenic Inheritance
• Pleiotropy: Multiple Phenotypic Effects
• Sickle Cell Anemia: The Case against Dominant and Recessive
• Linked Genes and Genetic Mapping
• Linked Genes
• Crossing Over and Recombination: A Tool for Mapping Genes
• Gene Mapping Using Recombination Frequencies
• Linking Genes to Chromosomes: The Work of Morgan
• Morgan's Conclusions
• Sex Linkage and Pedigree Charts
• Sex-Linked Traits in Humans
• X Inactivation in Humans
• The Use of Pedigree Charts to Determine Possible Genotypes
• Pedigree Chart: Problem Review
• 0 Problems in Heredity
• Problems in Heredity
• Problems in Heredity: Chromosomal Aberrations
• Translocations: 4/2 Downs
• Genetic Mutation
• Genetic Mutation
• Genetic Mutation: Different Forms of Point Mutations
• Genetic Mutation: Insertion and Deletion
• Genetic Screening

• The Hardy-Weinberg Theory
• Population Genetics: Darwin Meets Mendel
• An Introduction to Hardy-Weinberg Theory
• The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
• Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory
• Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory II
• Hardy-Weinberg: What Does This Have to Do with Evolution?
• Departing From Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
• Microevolution by Genetic Drift
• Microevolution: Continued
• Variations in Populations and Modes of Selection
• Variations within and between Populations
• Modes of Selection
• The Perfect Organism
• Speciation
• Speciation: What Is a Species?
• Allopatric Speciation
• Sympatric Speciation
• Evolution
• Time Frame for Evolution: Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium

• Classifying Earth's Organisms
• Classifying the Products of Evolution: Taxonomy
• Building a Cladogram
• Molecular Methods for Classifying Organisms
• A Phylogenetic Tree of Organisms: A Three-Domain System
• Domain Archaea
• The Archaea
• Domain Bacteria
• The Bacteria
• Protists and the Origin of the Eukaryota
• Protists: Archaezoa and Euglenozoa
• Protists: Alveolata and Stramenopila
• The Colonization of Land by Plants
• Plant Phylogeny: The Colonization of Land
• Plant Phylogeny and Alternation of Generations
• Alternation of Generations: Mosses, Ferns, and Gymnosperms
• Alternation of Generations: Mosses
• Alternation of Generations: Ferns
• Alternation of Generations: Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Alternation of Generations: The Structure of a Flower
• Alternation of Generations: Angiosperms
• Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: Dicots and Monocots
• Fungi
• Introduction to the Fungi
• Diversity of Fungi
• Evolution of the Animal Kingdom
• Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree of Animals: Animal Development
• Developmental Data for the Phylogenetic Tree of Animals
• The Formation of Body Cavities
• Protostomes and Deuterostomes
• Animal Diversity: The Cambrian Explosion and the Move to Land
• Invertebrates
• Introduction to Animals: Parazoa and Radiata
• Animals: Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates
• Diversity of Protostome Species
• Deuterostomes
• Diversity of Deuterostome Species
• Diversity of Vertebrate Species
• Chordate Development
• Animal Development: A Close-up Look at Fertilization Events
• Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Organogenesis: A Closer Look
• Events of Gastrulation and Organogenesis
• The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Development
• Pattern Formation in Drosophila
• Pattern Formation in Drosophila, continued
• Viruses and Prions
• Viruses and Prions: Living or Nonliving?

• Introduction to Animal Systems and Homeostasis
• Animal Homeostasis
• Mechanisms of Homeostasis
• Animal Tissues: Epithelial Tissue
• Animal Tissues: Loose Connective Tissues
• Animal Tissues: Dense, Fluid, and Supportive Connective Tissue
• Animal Tissue: Muscle and Nerve Tissue
• The Digestive System
• Introduction to the Digestive System
• The Beginning of Chemical Digestion
• Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
• Human Nutrition: Absorption
• Egestion
• Gas Exchange and Transport Systems
• Introduction to the Gas Exchange of Animals
• Human Gas Exchange System
• Human Gas Exchange: The Roles of Respiratory Pigments
• Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Structure of the Human Heart
• Circulation
• Maintaining the Human Heartbeat
• Human Circulation: Blood Vessels
• Blood Pressure and Clotting
• Human Circulation: Blood Pressure
• Blood Clotting
• Human Excretion
• Human Excretion: Waste Processing
• Human Excretion: Urinary System Structure
• The Nephron: Blood Filtration and Urine Production
• The Immune System: An Introduction
• The Immune Response: Nonspecific Defenses
• The Immune System: Structure and Function
• Immunity: Clonal Selection Theory
• Immune Response: An Overview
• T Cells: Helper T Activation
• T Cells: Helper and Cytotoxic T Cell Effects
• The Immune System Continued
• B Cells: The Humoral Response
• Antibodies and DNA Rearrangement
• Antibody Mechanisms
• HIV and the Immune System
• HIV: An Attack on the Immune System
• The Endocrine System
• Human Regulation: Endocrine Control and Signal-Transduction Pathways
• The Endocrine System
• Endocrine Function: Oscillations in Hormone Levels
• The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
• The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles: Preparation for Pregnancy
• Hormonal Events during the Female Reproductive Cycle
• The Nervous System
• The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuron
• Human Regulation: Nervous System: Nerve Function and Reflexes
• The Nerve Impulse
• Human Regulation: The Nerve Impulse: General Events
• Human Regulation: The Nervous System and the Action Potential
• Human Regulation: Synaptic Events: Cell-Cell Communication
• The Nervous System: A Phylogenetic Perspective
• The Human Brain
• Processing Centers of the Human Brain
• Motor Mechanisms
• Motor Control: Muscle Microstructure
• The Neuromuscular Junction: The Contraction Is Triggered
• The Sliding Filament: Interaction of ATP, Actin, Myosin, and Calcium
• Sensory Reception
• Sensory Systems: An Introduction
• Photoreceptors and the Vertebrate Eye
• The Ear and Equilibrium
• The Ear and Hearing

• Plant Development
• Plant Development: Germination
• Plant Development: Cell Structure and Function
• Primary Growth: Root Growth and Development
• Primary Growth: Stem Growth and Development
• Secondary Growth: Lateral Meristems and Secondary Vascular Tissue
• Plant Hormones
• Regulation in Plants
• Plant Hormones
• Signal Transduction Pathways in Plants
• Photoperiodism
• Photoperiodism in Plants: Control of Flowering
• Phytochromes and the Photoperiodic Response
• Plant Transport
• Transport in Angiosperms: Transpiration
• The Role of Xylem Tissue and Stomata
• Plant Transport: Absorption and Lateral Transport in Roots
• Phloem: The Movement of Sap

• Introduction to Ecology
• Ecological Organization: The Functional Divisions of the Ecologist
• Biomes
• Land Biomes: An Overview
• Terrestrial Biomes: Water-Limited Environments
• Aquatic Biomes
• Animal Behavior
• Ecology at the Level of the Species: Behavior
• Imprinting and Innate Behavior
• Nature versus Nurture: Is There a Genetic Basis for Behaviors?
• Competitive and Courtship Behaviors
• Competitive Behaviors and Survivability
• Courtship and Mating Behaviors: Survivability
• Population Ecology
• Population Ecology: Populations with Unlimited Resources
• Population Ecology: The Reality of Limited Resources
• Population Ecology: Population Strategy: r vs K
• Population Ecology: Intraspecific Competition
• Community Ecology: Interspecific Interactions
• Community Ecology: Interspecific Interaction: Predation
• Interspecific Competition: Ecological Niches
• Interspecific Associations: Symbiosis
• Community Ecology: Succession
• Community Disturbance: Succession
• Secondary Succession
• Community Ecology: Species Diversity
• The Decline in Species Diversity and the Current Mass Extinction
• Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
• Ecosystems: A Flow of Energy
• Ecosystems: Productivity and Energy Flow
• Productivity Pyramids: Visualizing Energy Flows
• Productivity Pyramids: Pyramid of Numbers
• Chemical Cycling in the Ecosystem
• Ecosystems and Material Cycles: Water, Carbon, and Sulfur
• Ecosystems and Material Cycles: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles
• Human Effect on the Ecosystem
• The Effects of Human Population Growth: Lake Eutrophication
• Toxic Accumulation and Ozone Depletion